Crosses appear on many national and regional flags, especially in Europe. Their history includes Christianity, medieval heraldry, military banners and political unions.
The Christian connection
The cross is an ancient Christian symbol, so its use on European flags is often connected with the religious history of the region.
The English cross
England's St George's Cross is a red cross on white. It became associated with England through medieval traditions and remains the national flag of England.
The Nordic cross
Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Iceland use the distinctive Nordic cross, shifted towards the flagpole. The design reflects a shared historical and cultural tradition.
Crosses can show political unions
The Union Flag combines the crosses associated with England, Scotland and Ireland. Its design shows how separate national symbols can be combined into one flag.
Not every cross has the same meaning
A cross can have religious, historical, heraldic or political significance. The design and history of each flag need to be considered separately.